A wide range of tumours can occur in the periocular area and there are many different benign lesions and cysts but also cancerous tumours.

When a cancerous tumour appears on the eyelid, this must be treated by a specialist as highly specific surgical techniques are required that besides removing the tumour, should ensure that the eyelid will continue to perform its important function of eyeball protection.

Blepharospasm is the involuntary closing of the eyelid or excessive involuntary blinking. The first symptom of blepharospasm may be an occasional increase in blinking in one or both eyes or simply difficulty in keeping the eyes open. If the illness progresses, the eyelid spasms start to become more frequent until they become constant.

Treatment with botulinum toxin injections is currently the treatment of choice for blepharospasm.

Surgical treatment (myectomy) is reserved for patients who do not respond to treatment with botulinum toxin.

Facial paralysis is a temporary or permanent dysfunction of the facial nerve. When the facial muscles lose their normal tone, the orbicularis oculi muscle of the upper eyelid loses its ability to contract and therefore close the eye properly. This can lead to significant ocular surface illnesses like the dry eye syndrome. Today we have modern techniques performed in a minimally invasive way to ensure adequate eye protection.

Other ocular consequences of facial paralysis are misdirection of the lower eyelid (ectropion), watery eye and blepharospasm.

A sufficiently severe trauma of the eye can lead to serious damage to the internal structures of the eyeball that may result in permanent loss of sight.

The most serious situation is when the eye is perforated or blown-out as this disruption in the ocular walls entails a high risk of sight loss and loss of the eyeball viability if not treated urgently by surgery. Occasionally, the disruption of eye structures in this case is so severe that the eyeball is lost completely. In these cases our treatment focuses on the patient's cosmetic rehabilitation by implanting prosthetic eyeballs that can perfectly imitate a healthy eye.

The most complex palpebral trauma, involving loss of tissue, may be difficult to be treated as there can be severe scarring in addition to the trauma of the injury. In the vast majority of cases an acceptable recovery can be achieved, both in functional as well as in cosmetic terms, via the use of advanced eyelid reconstruction techniques.

Most orbital fractures can be repaired using minimally invasive surgery via the conjunctiva, without leaving a scar on the skin.

More complex traumata that may involve the eyeball, eyelids or orbit often require more than one operation to achieve the desired functional and anatomical cosmetic results.